Motive refers to an activated state that creates a desire to take a specific pathway to
achieve a goal-directed behaviour (Mowen and Minor, 1998). According to the push-pull
concept, a two-dimensional approach to motive is proposed. Crompton (1979) noted that
push motives represent the recognition of unsatisfied internal social-psychological needs,
while pull motives reflect the seeking of external experiences that can satisfy these needs.
Therefore, sport spectators’ motives could be defined as needs that are satisfied from
attending a game. There are five methodological approaches to measure those needs:
scaled activity, interest, and opinion [AIO]; motive research methods [in-depth guided
interviews and projective tests]; focus groups; qualitative research; and ethnography
(Engel et al., 1995). Previous studies mainly used AIO to explore the motives of sport
spectators.