task-based approaches
this refers to materials or courses which are designed around a series of authentic tasks which give the learner experience of using the language in way in which it is used in the "real world " outside classroom. they usually have no pre-determined language syllabus and the aim is for learners to learn from the task the language that they need for successful participation in them. Examples of such task would be working out the itinerary of a journey from a timetable,completing a passport application form,ordering a product from a catalogue and giving directions to the post office