Findings in Bradshaw and Miller [2007] suggest that the regulatory and litigation environment also is important to the application of accounting standards. In particular, Bradshaw and Miller [2007] study non-U.S. firms that assert that their domestic standards-based financial statements are in accordance with U.S, standards, and find that firms claiming to comply with U.S, standards report accounting amounts that are more similar to U.S. firms than are those of other non-U.S. firms. However, the characteristics of the domestic standards-based accounting amounts that non-U.S. firms assert comply with U.S. standards often differ from those of U.S. firms. Consistent with Bradshaw and Miller [2007], findings in Lang, Raedy, and Wilson [2006] suggest that a similar litigation and regulation environment docs not ensure accounting amounts of similar quality. In particular, Lang, Raedy, and Wilson [2006] find that U.S. standards-based earnings of firms that cross-list on U.S. markets exhibit significantly more earnings management than do earnings of U.S. firms, despite the fact that cross-listed firms are required to use U.S, standards and, in principle, face a regulatory and litigation environment similar to U.S. firms.