In Table 1 Panel B, we present the descriptive statistics for the sample used in the logistic model described by Eq. (1),
which we use to examine factors that determine whether the company chooses to insert a foreign holding company in the
equity supply chain. As noted above, 12,867 of the 25,044 terminal subsidiaries have at least one foreign equity holding
company (HOLDCO_FOR). The mean (median) withholding tax rate on dividends from the terminal subsidiary countries to
the United States (WH_TO_US) is 4% (5%). 92% of terminal subsidiaries are located in a country that has a bilateral tax treaty
with the United States (US_TREATY). The terminal subsidiaries face a mean and median statutory tax rate (STATRATE_T) in
the terminal subsidiary country of 30%. The mean (median) corruption score (CORRUPTION_T) for the country that houses
the terminal subsidiary is 2.99 (2.22). Terminal subsidiaries are in countries with a mean (median) foreign investment risk
score (INVESTRISK_T) of 0.68 (0.56).19
Table 1 Panel C discloses both the Pearson and Spearman correlations among the regression variables used to estimate
Eq. (1). Terminal subsidiaries that have a foreign equity holding company are located in countries with relatively high
dividend withholding tax rates to the United States, consistent with our predictions. These same terminal subsidiary
countries are less likely to have a bilateral tax treaty with the United States. In addition, these countries are more corrupt
and have higher investment risk, consistent with the nontax advantages of establishing foreign equity holding companies.
We also note that corruption and investment risk are highly positively correlated among countries.