we have used an 8-second cycle sprint followed by 12 s of low intensity cycling for a period of 20 min [5]. Thus, instead of 4 to 6 sprints per session, as used in Wingate protocol studies, subjects using the 8 s/12 s protocol sprint 60 times at a lower exercise intensity. Total sprint time is 8 min with 12 min of low intensity cycling. For the HIIE Wingate protocols