when the until of policy was relaxed to support China's industrialisation strategy, by permitting the temporary migration of rural dwellers to work in 22 The urban areas distinction between temporary migrants (who do not possess an urban hukou and are therefore excluded from the better jobs) and permanent migrants (state-sponsored and selected migrants who are granted urban citizenship) is manifested in ed the "floating population of urban China that, ld in 1997, amounted to 100 million.persons or 25 percent of China's urban population 23 The marginalisation of this group, particularly in the housing and labour markets, has created what amounts to a new urban underclass (Box 23.2). Whether the relaxation of controls on rural-urban migration g since the 1980s will lead to the kind of urban growth rates and problems confronting other Third a world cities remains to be seen.