While these theoretical positions make sense
from an operant learning perspective, negative expectancies are also
related to increased, rather than decreased drinking (Greenfield,
Harford, & Tam, 2009; Pabst, Baumeister, & Kraus, 2010). Arguably,
heavy drinkers are likely to experiencemore negative effects of drinking
(e.g. hangovers), and thus report expectations to this effect.