Normally performed at room temperature but in general < 0.3Tm, where
recrystallisation does not occur.
• Work hardening occurs (strength and hardness increase but ductility
decreases).
• The extent of deformation is rather limited if cracks are to be avoid, therefore
intermediate anneals are frequently used.
Advantages:
• Provide work hardening
• Provide ____________________
• Dimension tolerance is ______than in hot working.
• Easier handling (low operating temperatures).
Disadvantages:
• Use high amount of deformation due to low operating temperatures
• Equipment (rolls, dies, presses) is big and expensive.
• Reduced ductility limits amount of forming may require subsequent process annealing
• %Reduction Area is less than Hot working.