• The learner model: The term learner model is used torefer to special cases of user
models, tailored for the domain of learning. The specific approach to modeling may
vary between adaptive learning environments. Nevertheless, there is at least one
characteristic shared by practically all existing systems: the model can be updated at
interaction time, to incorporate elements or traces of the user’s interaction history. In
other words, the learner model in ALEs, not only encapsulates general information
about the user (e.g., demographics, previous achievements, etc.), but also maintains
a “live” account of the user’sactions within the system.