Coral reefs have high economic interest, primarily as a provider of food, natural products and coastal protection, and
secondarily as an attraction for tourists from all over the
world (Halpernet al. 2012). The highly productive and
biodiverse coral reef ecosystems also provide hundreds of
target species for the marine ornamental trade (MOT),
which has increased over the last decades to a point that it
is becoming a threat for reef organisms (Wabnitz et al.
2003; Rhyneet al.2012a).
Corals are among the most exploited species within the
MOT (Delbeek 2001; Rhyneet al. 2009). Corals are also
needed for reef restoration efforts (Jaap 2000; Younget al.
2012) and to supply the pharmaceutical industry with biological materials for drug discovery and development
(Rocha et al. 2011). Consequently, an increased effort to
developex situ (aquarium based) and in situ (sea based)
coral aquaculture has been made (Pomeroy et al. 2006;
Osingaet al.2012).
This review focuses onex situaquaculture as the possibilities to manipulate culture conditions to maximize coral
production are greater thanin situ methods. Factors that
influence qualitative and quantitative aspects of coral culture and their optimization through the manipulation of
key abiotic (e.g. light, water flow) and biotic (e.g. live prey,
species interaction) variables are reviewed. Success factors
for commercial aquaculture are outlined, with focus on
qualitative aspects such as shape, coloration and natural
product content, and quantitative parameters such as
growth and volumetric productivity. We also discuss methods for sexual and asexual coral propagation. It is important to note that this review focuses on symbiotic stony
corals, that is, scleractinian corals harbouring dinoflagellates from genus Symbiodinium in their tissue, as these
organisms have high aquaculture potential and are in great
Coral reefs have high economic interest, primarily as a provider of food, natural products and coastal protection, andsecondarily as an attraction for tourists from all over theworld (Halpernet al. 2012). The highly productive andbiodiverse coral reef ecosystems also provide hundreds oftarget species for the marine ornamental trade (MOT),which has increased over the last decades to a point that itis becoming a threat for reef organisms (Wabnitz et al.2003; Rhyneet al.2012a).Corals are among the most exploited species within theMOT (Delbeek 2001; Rhyneet al. 2009). Corals are alsoneeded for reef restoration efforts (Jaap 2000; Younget al.2012) and to supply the pharmaceutical industry with biological materials for drug discovery and development(Rocha et al. 2011). Consequently, an increased effort todevelopex situ (aquarium based) and in situ (sea based)coral aquaculture has been made (Pomeroy et al. 2006;Osingaet al.2012).This review focuses onex situaquaculture as the possibilities to manipulate culture conditions to maximize coralproduction are greater thanin situ methods. Factors thatinfluence qualitative and quantitative aspects of coral culture and their optimization through the manipulation ofkey abiotic (e.g. light, water flow) and biotic (e.g. live prey,species interaction) variables are reviewed. Success factorsfor commercial aquaculture are outlined, with focus onqualitative aspects such as shape, coloration and naturalproduct content, and quantitative parameters such as
growth and volumetric productivity. We also discuss methods for sexual and asexual coral propagation. It is important to note that this review focuses on symbiotic stony
corals, that is, scleractinian corals harbouring dinoflagellates from genus Symbiodinium in their tissue, as these
organisms have high aquaculture potential and are in great
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