The nozzle operator’s performance should be evaluated and
approved before he or she is allowed on the job. The nozzle
operator should be ACI certified as a nozzle operator.
Dust and rebound require special attention in indoor
applications.
c) Applications—Shotcrete has been used to repair deteriorated
concrete bridges, buildings, parking structures, lock
walls, dams, and tunnels. The performance of shotcrete
repair has generally been good; however, there are some
instances of poor performance. Major causes of poor
performance are inadequate preparation of the old surface,
poor workmanship, and not accounting for the relatively
impermeable nature of shotcrete. There have been some
repair failures where shotcrete was used to resurface old
hydraulic structures. The relatively impermeable shotcrete
traps moisture migrating through the concrete substrate
causing the nonair-entrained concrete near the repair
interface to become critically saturated. Subsequent cycles
of freezing and thawing resulted in failure of the repair (U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers 1995). Satisfactory shotcrete repair is
contingent upon proper surface treatment of old surfaces to
which the shotcrete is being applied and the skill of the
nozzle operator.
d) Standards—ACI 506R and ACI 506.2 provide guides
and specifications for shotcrete construction and certification
requirements for the nozzle operator.
ASTM C 1116 covers the materials proportions, batching,
delivery, and testing of fiber-reinforced concrete and shotcrete.
3.2.13 Shrinkage-compensating concrete—Shrinkagecompensating
concrete is an expansive-cement concrete that
minimizes cracking caused by drying shrinkage. The basic
materials and methods are similar to those necessary to produce
high-quality PCC. Consequently, the characteristics of
shrinkage-compensating concrete are, in most respects,
similar to those of portland-cement concrete. Proprietary,
prepackaged mortar that uses some form of shrinkage-compensating
cement to counter potential shrinkage is available and
has been used successfully for years. For definitions of
expansive cement, cement types K, M, and S, refer to ACI 223.
a) Advantages—When properly restrained by reinforcement
or external restraint, shrinkage-compensating concrete
tries to expand an amount equal to or slightly greater than the
anticipated drying shrinkage, but because expansion is
limited by restraint, reinforcement, or both, the concrete
initially develops compressive stresses. Subsequent drying
shrinkage reduces these expansive strains, compressive
stresses, or both, but ideally, a residual expansion remains in
the concrete, thereby reducing shrinkage cracking. The
joints used to control shrinkage cracking can be reduced or
eliminated along with the normal provisions for waterstops
and load-transfer mechanisms. Where a watertight condition
is essential, however, the elimination of waterstops is not
recommended.
b) Limitations—Although its characteristics are similar to
those of portland-cement concrete, the materials, selection of
proportions, placement, and curing should be such that
sufficient expansion, compressive stresses, or both, are
obtained to compensate for subsequent drying shrinkage
The nozzle operator’s performance should be evaluated andapproved before he or she is allowed on the job. The nozzleoperator should be ACI certified as a nozzle operator.Dust and rebound require special attention in indoorapplications.c) Applications—Shotcrete has been used to repair deterioratedconcrete bridges, buildings, parking structures, lockwalls, dams, and tunnels. The performance of shotcreterepair has generally been good; however, there are someinstances of poor performance. Major causes of poorperformance are inadequate preparation of the old surface,poor workmanship, and not accounting for the relativelyimpermeable nature of shotcrete. There have been somerepair failures where shotcrete was used to resurface oldhydraulic structures. The relatively impermeable shotcretetraps moisture migrating through the concrete substratecausing the nonair-entrained concrete near the repairinterface to become critically saturated. Subsequent cyclesof freezing and thawing resulted in failure of the repair (U.S.Army Corps of Engineers 1995). Satisfactory shotcrete repair iscontingent upon proper surface treatment of old surfaces towhich the shotcrete is being applied and the skill of thenozzle operator.d) Standards—ACI 506R and ACI 506.2 provide guidesand specifications for shotcrete construction and certificationrequirements for the nozzle operator.ASTM C 1116 covers the materials proportions, batching,delivery, and testing of fiber-reinforced concrete and shotcrete.
3.2.13 Shrinkage-compensating concrete—Shrinkagecompensating
concrete is an expansive-cement concrete that
minimizes cracking caused by drying shrinkage. The basic
materials and methods are similar to those necessary to produce
high-quality PCC. Consequently, the characteristics of
shrinkage-compensating concrete are, in most respects,
similar to those of portland-cement concrete. Proprietary,
prepackaged mortar that uses some form of shrinkage-compensating
cement to counter potential shrinkage is available and
has been used successfully for years. For definitions of
expansive cement, cement types K, M, and S, refer to ACI 223.
a) Advantages—When properly restrained by reinforcement
or external restraint, shrinkage-compensating concrete
tries to expand an amount equal to or slightly greater than the
anticipated drying shrinkage, but because expansion is
limited by restraint, reinforcement, or both, the concrete
initially develops compressive stresses. Subsequent drying
shrinkage reduces these expansive strains, compressive
stresses, or both, but ideally, a residual expansion remains in
the concrete, thereby reducing shrinkage cracking. The
joints used to control shrinkage cracking can be reduced or
eliminated along with the normal provisions for waterstops
and load-transfer mechanisms. Where a watertight condition
is essential, however, the elimination of waterstops is not
recommended.
b) Limitations—Although its characteristics are similar to
those of portland-cement concrete, the materials, selection of
proportions, placement, and curing should be such that
sufficient expansion, compressive stresses, or both, are
obtained to compensate for subsequent drying shrinkage
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