In practical terms, this model depicts factors that are associated with IT use in the classroom and that may have positive or negative effects (i.e., increase or decrease) on TDS. The outcome variable, TDS, resides at the classroom level and represents the frequency with which teachers direct their students to use technology in the classroom during instruction. Two predictors reside at the district level, one resides at the school level, and four reside at the classroom level. District-level variables include principal’s technology discretion (principal’s discretion) and availability/enforcement of technology standards (technology standards). The school-level variable is principal’s use of technology (principal’s use). Classroom-level variables included teachers’ beliefs about the variety of benefits of IT (positive technology beliefs), teacher’s experience with technology (technology experience), perceived pressure related to technology use (pressure), and obstacles to integrating technology into lesson plans (integration obstacles). The model also depicts direct effects between the following variables and TDS: pressure, positive technology beliefs, integration obstacles, principal’s discretion, and technology experience. Note that a direct effect is a relationship between a predictor and an outcome that does not involve the intervention of a moderator or mediating variable. The model also shows direct effects between several sets of variables (e.g., integration obstacles and pressure, positive beliefs and technology experience, and technology experience and positive beliefs).