To test this prediction we add to the basic regression in Model 4 in Table 2 interactions between Creditor Rights and various
firm and country characteristics. The results are reported in Table 9. Models 1 through 4 examine four firm characteristics—Profit,
Growth, Size and Tangibility—that can potentially influence the effect of demand-side forces. We focus on the effect of the
interaction terms on leverage. The estimated coefficients support our hypothesis. In particular, Model 1 shows a negative and
statistically significant (at the 1% level) coefficient on the interaction between Creditor Rights and Profit, while Model 2 shows a
positive and statistically significant coefficient on the interaction between Creditor Rights and Growth. These results suggest that
the negative effect of demand-side forces is weaker if firms are less profitable and if firms have many growth opportunities,
consistent with the intuition that for firms in need of external funds (due to either insufficient internal funds or many investment
opportunities), concerns about losing control under strong creditor rights take a back seat. Further, the interaction terms Creditor
Rights × Size and Creditor Rights × Tangibility enter significantly negatively at the 1% level, suggesting that the negative effect of
creditor rights is weaker when firms are small and when firms have few tangible assets to use as collateral. These results imply
that the effect of demand-side forces is weaker for firms that face hurdles in raising external funds.
To test this prediction we add to the basic regression in Model 4 in Table 2 interactions between Creditor Rights and variousfirm and country characteristics. The results are reported in Table 9. Models 1 through 4 examine four firm characteristics—Profit,Growth, Size and Tangibility—that can potentially influence the effect of demand-side forces. We focus on the effect of theinteraction terms on leverage. The estimated coefficients support our hypothesis. In particular, Model 1 shows a negative andstatistically significant (at the 1% level) coefficient on the interaction between Creditor Rights and Profit, while Model 2 shows apositive and statistically significant coefficient on the interaction between Creditor Rights and Growth. These results suggest thatthe negative effect of demand-side forces is weaker if firms are less profitable and if firms have many growth opportunities,consistent with the intuition that for firms in need of external funds (due to either insufficient internal funds or many investmentopportunities), concerns about losing control under strong creditor rights take a back seat. Further, the interaction terms CreditorRights × Size and Creditor Rights × Tangibility enter significantly negatively at the 1% level, suggesting that the negative effect ofcreditor rights is weaker when firms are small and when firms have few tangible assets to use as collateral. These results implyว่า ผลของความต้องการด้านกองกำลังคืออ่อนลงสำหรับบริษัทที่หน้าอุปสรรค์ในการหาเงินทุนภายนอก
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