Ethics. Ethical approval was provided by the Ministries of Health for
the 3 zones of Somalia and the Research Ethics Committee of University
College London. Access to survey sites was agreed upon with local
authorities and community leaders in the districts where the clusters
were sampled. It was made clear to survey participants that participation
was entirely voluntary and refusal would not in any way affect
entitlements to humanitarian assistance or other forms of support. The
risks to members of the survey teams were minimized by adherence to the
UN safety and security procedures that were in place at that time