Manz expanded upon the concept of self-management with his description of selfleadership
and superleaders: "Self-leadership is a more encompassing approach to selfinfluence
than self-management" (as cited in Hougthon and Neck, 2006, p. 280). Manz and Sims (2001) described a superleader as "one who leads others to lead themselves"(p.
4), and explained that superleadership requires deep self-reflection on the part of the
leader to address the strengths and weaknesses of him or herself and of others (p. 3).
Manz and Sims stated that leaders' practice of self-leadership helps to "empower others
while moving themselves toward becoming highly effective leaders" (p. 3). According to
Manz and Sims, "Many seem to realize for the first time that the best measure of their
own leadership effectiveness is not how much they personally excel and receive acclaim.
Instead, the effectiveness of leadership can be measured by the success of others" (p. 3).