The approach of working closely with individual smallholders is different to conventional approaches that have generally been employed by Government extension agencies in Indonesia. More typically, new technologies that had been ‘proven’ by research institutions have been extended to large groups of households in a one-size-fits-all approach. This approach reflects the practical and logistical need to service many smallholder households with very limited extension resources. While this may be appropriate and effective for certain ‘generic’ cattle improvement technologies (e.g. bull provision, disease control) where the impact is typically positive and predictable, other technologies need to be screened and adapted to suit the specific attributes of each farm and the capacity and needs of the individual household. This requires the active participation of smallholder households and access to an ‘expert’ team of people with the necessary to service an approach involving concurrent research, development and extension activities and multi-disciplinary systems analysis (Horne and Stür, 2003 and Shelton et al., 2005).