What kinds of harm are generated in particular states-systems, and to what extent are rules and norms against harm built into these states systems? Linklater's initial research suggests that the modem states-system may be unique in its development of cosmopolitan Harm conventions that domestic jurisdiction of effect of eroding the states and have the e promoting moral duties (linklater 2001).
However, the civilizing gains made by the modern states-system may be under threat by developments since September 11. Though there are different responses to the terrorist attacks perpetrated l-Qaeda. Linklater is concerned that the dominant rhetoric of a civilizational war against evil would unleash 'de-civilizing' potentials. The US-led war on terrorism', by privileging military means, putting more innocent lives at