Consistent with the extant literature (e.g., Antle and Nalebuff 1991; Knapp 1985;Teoh 1992), we view the issuance of a going-concern report as the outcome of an often contentious negotiation among management, the auditor, and the audit committee. Management may imply that issuing a going-concern report will adversely affect the auditor. For example, clients receiving a going-concern report are more likely to switch auditors (Chow and Rice 1982; Geiger et al. 1998; Mutchler 1984). Other adverse consequences might include increased fee pressure, a reduction in the purchase of nonaudit services, and deterioration in the working relationship with incumbent management.