The initial description of self-management behavior by Manz and Sims (1980)
included "personal goals, self-instructions toward achieving goals, self-administered
consequences, and plans for one's behavior patterns" (p. 362). Manz and Sims considered
self-management to be synonymous with the practice of self-control (p. 362). Selfmanagement
skills contributed to individual performance, which in turn could improve
organizational performance (p. 366). Self-management was naturally attractive to
organizations since the practice could potentially require less management time and
contribute to improved performance (p. 366). Manz and Sims offered a note of caution
that the concept is not universally applicable to all situations (p. 366).