Because copyright protection extends only to elements of a work that
demonstrate minimal creativity, there are some exceptions to protection.185 For
example, a creative expression may be too insubstantial to rise above a de
minimis amount required before protection attaches.186 Similarly, a work may
lack sufficient originality necessary to qualify for copyright protection.187 In
addition to these exceptions, a possible defense to infringement is fair use,
which allows an author to use copyrighted material under certain
circumstances.188 Cyberspace, however, has complicated copyright
infringements, exceptions, and defenses.