1.3. OSH Elements during Pre-construction
Accident in the construction industry was extremely higher than other industry. CIDB (2009), mention
the principal reasons for the occurrence have not been analysed and studied. Pre-construction stage is the
beginning stage for a Construction Project Management. It is widely recognized that effective planning
can play a major role in the success of projects. Waly & Thabet (2002), in their research on Construction
Environment for preconstruction planning suggested that macroplanning is vital importance to successful
delivery and execution of a project. Decisions make at macrolevel is standing for major decision making.
Therefore, a study done by Sulaiman & Mahyuddin (2005), explain that Design & Planning are the
“upstream” activities while, “downstream” is construction. They also mention that Government should
concern about OSH on “upstream” rather “downstream” activities.