The theme
was strongly taken up again by Lenin in State and Revolution
(1917), an essay which was meant to have guided the mind
and behaviour of the constructors of the new state which
was rising from the ashes of Tsarist autocracy. Direct
democracy is often contrasted, as the real form of socialist
democracy, with representative democracy which is condemned
as truncated and deceitful and, moreover, the only
form of democracy possible in a class state such as the
bourgeois state