The
first included six items related to home-based parent involvement such as “How much does
this parent do things to encourage the child’s positive attitude toward education?” (α = .84
and .79 for Afro-Caribbean and Latino samples, respectively). The second factor included
10 items related to school-based parent involvement such as, “Has this child’s parent
stopped by to talk to you in the past two months?” and “Has this child’s parent visited the
school for a special event in the past two months?” (α = .79 and .82 for Afro-Caribbean and
Latino samples, respectively). Items are rated on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = never/not at all, 3 =
every month/somewhat, 5 = more than once per week/very much involved) and averaged for
each subscale.