2.4. Total absorbance/transmittance measurements on sunscreens
Seven sunscreen products produced by the same manufacturer labelled with different SPF protection level (from 4 up to 30). The method could be in principle extended to whatever SPF; it is however important to have instruments with high signal-to-noise ratio, because transmission of sunscreens with SPF50+ is really low. This measurement should be performed with a double grating spectrophotometer (similar to the spectrophotometer used for this work), and not with a single grating spectrophotometer. The main ingredients of the sunscreens, as derived fromthe label, are reported in Table 2. Only one sunscreen formulation (i.e. lait) was used. Each product has been applied on each substrate material. Only one sunscreen formulation from one producer has been applied to each substrate at a time, in order to maintain the same chemical composition and remove then the effects of possible different chemical reactions. Sunscreen formulations have been applied without UV pre-irradiation. The application of the product has been realized by spotting the sunscreen on several points of the substrate with a pipette, and by uniformly distributing it with a finger glove. After the application, the volatile compounds the product has been allowed to evaporate. The film of product applied on the substrate has been weighed with an analytical balance (max error < 0.2 mg) after the drying process; the weight has been recorded in order to evaluate possible dependences of the quantity evaporated fromthe substrate used. In all cases during the drying process the sunscreen lost about 40–60% of its weight, and meaningful differences have been registered among different substrates. The amount of product initially applied on the substrates corresponded to 1 mg/cm
which has been demonstrated to allow a good correlation between SPF values evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Total absorbance/transmittance measurements have been carried out using the apparatus already described. The curves A( l)=Log T(l)=Log[1/PF(l)] [16] have been obtained by the ratio between the transmittance curves measured with and without the sunscreen applied respectively. In order to increase statistic, for each sunscreen formulation several samples (about 10 for each formula) have been prepared and each sample has been tested in three different areas to overcome possible error due to non-uniformity of the product application.
2.5. In vitro Sun Protection Factor computation and correlation with value reported on labels
The absorbance curves have been used to compute the SPF according to the following definition:
SPF ¼ P
400 290
EðlÞBðlÞ P
400 290
EðlÞBðlÞ10
AðlÞ
D. Garoli et al. / Journal of Dermatological Science 56 (2009) 89–98 93
where E(l) is the spectral irradiance of the ‘‘standard sun’’ [21], B( l) is the erythema action spectrum. The final in vitro SPF values have been calculated as the mean SPF values computed with the
2.4. Total absorbance/transmittance measurements on sunscreens
Seven sunscreen products produced by the same manufacturer labelled with different SPF protection level (from 4 up to 30). The method could be in principle extended to whatever SPF; it is however important to have instruments with high signal-to-noise ratio, because transmission of sunscreens with SPF50+ is really low. This measurement should be performed with a double grating spectrophotometer (similar to the spectrophotometer used for this work), and not with a single grating spectrophotometer. The main ingredients of the sunscreens, as derived fromthe label, are reported in Table 2. Only one sunscreen formulation (i.e. lait) was used. Each product has been applied on each substrate material. Only one sunscreen formulation from one producer has been applied to each substrate at a time, in order to maintain the same chemical composition and remove then the effects of possible different chemical reactions. Sunscreen formulations have been applied without UV pre-irradiation. The application of the product has been realized by spotting the sunscreen on several points of the substrate with a pipette, and by uniformly distributing it with a finger glove. After the application, the volatile compounds the product has been allowed to evaporate. The film of product applied on the substrate has been weighed with an analytical balance (max error < 0.2 mg) after the drying process; the weight has been recorded in order to evaluate possible dependences of the quantity evaporated fromthe substrate used. In all cases during the drying process the sunscreen lost about 40–60% of its weight, and meaningful differences have been registered among different substrates. The amount of product initially applied on the substrates corresponded to 1 mg/cm
which has been demonstrated to allow a good correlation between SPF values evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Total absorbance/transmittance measurements have been carried out using the apparatus already described. The curves A( l)=Log T(l)=Log[1/PF(l)] [16] have been obtained by the ratio between the transmittance curves measured with and without the sunscreen applied respectively. In order to increase statistic, for each sunscreen formulation several samples (about 10 for each formula) have been prepared and each sample has been tested in three different areas to overcome possible error due to non-uniformity of the product application.
2.5. In vitro Sun Protection Factor computation and correlation with value reported on labels
The absorbance curves have been used to compute the SPF according to the following definition:
SPF ¼ P
400 290
EðlÞBðlÞ P
400 290
EðlÞBðlÞ10
AðlÞ
D. Garoli et al. / Journal of Dermatological Science 56 (2009) 89–98 93
where E(l) is the spectral irradiance of the ‘‘standard sun’’ [21], B( l) is the erythema action spectrum. The final in vitro SPF values have been calculated as the mean SPF values computed with the
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