(1) The percentage non-family managers.
(2) The percentage of female family members involved in the operation of the firm.
3) degree of all family members involved in decision-making,
(4) level of family conflict,
(5) formulation
of succession plans,
(6) use of outside advisors,
(7) amount of long-range/strategic thinking,
(8) use of sophisticated financial management tools,
(9) influence of founder,
(10) consideration of going public.
(11) The use of debt or equity financing was a nominal measure of one or the other.