It was February 14, 1986, and Herr Heinz Ruhnau, Chairman of Lufthansa (Germany) was summoned
to meet with Lufthansa’s board. The board’s task was to determine if Herr Ruhnau’s term of office
should be terminated. Herr Ruhnau had already been summoned by Germany’s transportation minister
to explain his supposed speculative management of Lufthansa’s exposure in the purchase of Boeing
aircraft.
In January 1985 Lufthansa, under the chairmanship of Herr Heinz Ruhnau, purchased twenty
737 jets from Boeing (U.S.). The agreed upon price was $500,000,000, payable in U.S. dollars on
delivery of the aircraft in one year, in January 1986. The U.S. dollar had been rising steadily and rapidly
since 1980, and was approximately DM3.2/$ in January 1985. If the dollar were to continue to rise, the
cost of the jet aircraft to Lufthansa would rise substantially by the time payment was due.
Herr Ruhnau had his own view or expectations regarding the direction of the exchange rate. Like
many others at the time, he believed the dollar had risen about as far as it was going to go, and would
probably fall by the time January 1986 rolled around. But then again, it really wasn’t his money to
gamble with. He compromised. He sold half the exposure ($250,000,000) at a rate of DM3.2/$, and
left the remaining half ($250,000,000) uncovered.
Evaluation of the Hedging Alternatives
Lufthansa and Herr Ruhnau had the same basic hedging alternatives available to all firms:
1. Remain uncovered,
2. Cover the entire exposure with forward contracts,
3. Cover some proportion of the exposure, leaving the balance uncovered,
4. Cover the exposure with foreign currency options,
5. Obtain U.S. dollars now and hold them until payment is due.
Although the final expense of each alternative could not be known beforehand, each alternative’s
outcome could be simulated over a range of potential ending exchange rates. Exhibit 1 illustrates the
final net cost of the first four alternatives over a range of potential end-of-period spot exchange rates.
2 A06-99-0028
Of course one of the common methods of covering a foreign currency exposure for firms, which
involves no use of financial contracts like forwards or options, is the matching of currency cash flows.
Lufthansa did have inflows of U.S. dollars on a regular basis as a result of airline ticket purchases in the
United States. Although Herr Ruhnau thought briefly about matching these U.S. dollar-denominated
cash inflows against the dollar outflows to Boeing, the magnitude of the mismatch was obvious. Lufthansa
simply did not receive anything close to $500 million a year in dollar-earnings, or even over several years
for that matter.
1. Remain Uncovered. Remaining uncovered is the maximum risk approach. It therefore represents the
greatest potential benefits (if the dollar weakens versus the Deutschemark), and the greatest potential
cost (if the dollar continues to strengthen versus the Deutschemark). If the exchange rate were to drop to
DM2.2/$ by January 1986, the purchase of the Boeing 737s would be only DM1.1 billion. Of course
if the dollar continued to appreciate, rising to perhaps DM4.0/$ by 1986, the total cost would be
DM2.0 billion. The uncovered position’s risk is therefore shown as that value-line which has the steepest
slope (covers the widest vertical distance) in Exhibit 1. This is obviously a sizeable level of risk for any
firm to carry. Many firms believe the decision to leave a large exposure uncovered for a long period of
time to be nothing other than currency speculation.
2. Full Forward Cover. If Lufthansa were very risk averse and wished to eliminate fully its currency
exposure, it could buy forward contracts for the purchase of U.S. dollars for the entire amount. This
would have locked-in an exchange rate of DM3.2/$, with a known final cost of DM1.6 billion. This
alternative is represented by the horizontal value-line in Exhibit 1; the total cost of the Boeing 737s no
longer has any risk or sensitivity to the ending spot exchange rate. Most firms believe they should accept
or tolerate risk in their line of business, not in the process of payment. The 100% forward cover alternative
is often used by firms as their benchmark, their comparison measure for actual currency costs when
all is said and done.
3. Partial Forward Cover. This alternative would cover only part of the total exposure leaving the
remaining exposure uncovered. Herr Ruhnau’s expectations were for the dollar to fall, so he expected
EXHIBIT 1 Lufthansa’s Net Cost by Hedging Alternative
A06-99-0028 3
Lufthansa would benefit from leaving more of the position uncovered (as in alternative #1 above). This
strategy is somewhat arbitrary, however, in that there are few objective methods available for determining
the proper balance (20/80, 40/60, 50/50, etc.) between covered/uncovered should be. Exhibit 1
illustrates the total ending cost of this alternative for a partial cover of 50/50; $250 million purchased
with forward contracts of DM3.2/$, and the $250 million remaining purchased at the end-of-period
spot rate. Note that this value line’s slope is simply half that of the 100% uncovered position. Any other
partial cover strategy would similarly fall between the unhedged and 100% cover lines.
Two principal points can be made regarding partial forward cover strategies such as this. First,
Herr Ruhnau’s total potential exposure is still unlimited. The possibility that the dollar would appreciate
to astronomical levels still exists, and $250 million could translate into an infinite amount of Deutschemarks.
The second point is that the first point is highly unlikely to occur. Therefore, for the immediate
ranges of potential exchange rates on either side of the current spot rate of DM3.2/$, Herr Ruhnau
has reduced the risk (vertical distance in Exhibit 1) of the final Deutschemark outlay over a range of
ending values and the benchmark value of DM3.2/$.
4. Foreign Currency Options. The foreign currency option is unique among the hedging alternatives
due to its kinked-shape value-line. If Herr Ruhnau had purchased a put option on marks at DM3.2/$,
he could have obtained what many people believe is the best of both worlds. If the dollar had continued
to strengthen above DM3.2/$, the total cost of obtaining $500 million could be locked-in at DM1.6
billion plus the cost of the option premium, as illustrated by the flat portion of the option alternative to
the right of DM3.2/$. If, however, the dollar fell as Herr Ruhnau had expected, Lufthansa would be free
to let the option expire and purchase the dollars at lower cost on the spot market. This alternative is
shown by the falling value-line to the left of DM3.2/$. Note that the put option line falls at the same
rate (same slope) as the uncovered position, but is higher by the cost of purchasing the option.
In this instance Herr Ruhnau would have had to buy put options for DM1.6 billion given an
exercise price of DM3.2/$. In January 1985 when Herr Heinz Ruhnau was mulling over these alternatives,
the option premium on Deutshemark put options was about 6%, equal to DM96,000,000 or
$30,000,000. The total cost of the purchase in the event the put option was exercised would be
DM1,696,000,000 (exercise plus premium).
EXHIBIT 2 What Herr Ruhnau Could See: The Rise
4 A06-99-0028
It is important to understand what Herr Ruhnau would be hoping to happen if he had decided to
purchase the put options. He would be expecting the dollar to weaken (ending up to the left of
DM3.2/$ in Exhibit 1), therefore he would expect the option to expire without value. In the eyes of
many corporate treasurers, DM96,000,000 is a lot of money for the purchase of an instrument which
the hedger expects or hopes not to use!
5. Buy Dollars Now. The fifth alternative is a money-market hedge for an account payable: Obtain the
$500 million now and hold those funds in an interest-bearing account or asset until payment was due.
Although this would eliminate the currency exposure, it required that Lufthansa have all the capital inhand
now. The purchase of the Boeing jets had been made in conjunction with the on-going financing
plans of Lufthansa, and these did not call for the capital to be available until January 1986. An added
concern (and what ultimately eliminated this alternative from consideration) was that Lufthansa had
several relatively strict covenants in place which limited the types, amounts, and currencies of denomination
of the debt it could carry on its balance sheet.
Herr Ruhnau’s Decision
Although Herr Ruhnau truly expected the dollar to weaken over the coming year, he believed remaining
completely uncovered was too risky for Lufthansa. Few would argue this, particularly given the strong
upward trend of the DM/$ exchange rate as seen in Exhibit 2. The dollar had shown a consistent three
year trend of appreciation versus the Deutschemark, and that trend seemed to be accelerating over the
most recent year.
Because he personally felt so strongly that the dollar would weaken, Herr Ruhnau chose to go with
partial cover. He chose to cover 50% of the exposure ($250 million) with forward contracts (the one
year forward rate was DM3.2/$) and to leave the remaining 50% ($250 million) uncovered. Because
foreign currency options were as yet a relatively new tool for exposure management by many firms, and
because of the sheer magnitude of the up-front premium required, the foreign currency option was not
chosen. Time would tell if this was a wise decision.
How It Came Out
Herr Ruhnau was both right and wrong. He was definitely right in his expectations. The dollar appreciated
for one more month, and then weakened over the coming year. In fact, it did not simply weaken, it
plummeted. By January 1986 when payment was due to Boeing, the spot rate had fallen to DM2.3/$
from the previous year’s DM3.2/$ as shown in Exhibit 3. This was a spot exchange rate movement in
Lufthansa’s favor.
The bad news was that the total Deu
It was February 14, 1986, and Herr Heinz Ruhnau, Chairman of Lufthansa (Germany) was summoned
to meet with Lufthansa’s board. The board’s task was to determine if Herr Ruhnau’s term of office
should be terminated. Herr Ruhnau had already been summoned by Germany’s transportation minister
to explain his supposed speculative management of Lufthansa’s exposure in the purchase of Boeing
aircraft.
In January 1985 Lufthansa, under the chairmanship of Herr Heinz Ruhnau, purchased twenty
737 jets from Boeing (U.S.). The agreed upon price was $500,000,000, payable in U.S. dollars on
delivery of the aircraft in one year, in January 1986. The U.S. dollar had been rising steadily and rapidly
since 1980, and was approximately DM3.2/$ in January 1985. If the dollar were to continue to rise, the
cost of the jet aircraft to Lufthansa would rise substantially by the time payment was due.
Herr Ruhnau had his own view or expectations regarding the direction of the exchange rate. Like
many others at the time, he believed the dollar had risen about as far as it was going to go, and would
probably fall by the time January 1986 rolled around. But then again, it really wasn’t his money to
gamble with. He compromised. He sold half the exposure ($250,000,000) at a rate of DM3.2/$, and
left the remaining half ($250,000,000) uncovered.
Evaluation of the Hedging Alternatives
Lufthansa and Herr Ruhnau had the same basic hedging alternatives available to all firms:
1. Remain uncovered,
2. Cover the entire exposure with forward contracts,
3. Cover some proportion of the exposure, leaving the balance uncovered,
4. Cover the exposure with foreign currency options,
5. Obtain U.S. dollars now and hold them until payment is due.
Although the final expense of each alternative could not be known beforehand, each alternative’s
outcome could be simulated over a range of potential ending exchange rates. Exhibit 1 illustrates the
final net cost of the first four alternatives over a range of potential end-of-period spot exchange rates.
2 A06-99-0028
Of course one of the common methods of covering a foreign currency exposure for firms, which
involves no use of financial contracts like forwards or options, is the matching of currency cash flows.
Lufthansa did have inflows of U.S. dollars on a regular basis as a result of airline ticket purchases in the
United States. Although Herr Ruhnau thought briefly about matching these U.S. dollar-denominated
cash inflows against the dollar outflows to Boeing, the magnitude of the mismatch was obvious. Lufthansa
simply did not receive anything close to $500 million a year in dollar-earnings, or even over several years
for that matter.
1. Remain Uncovered. Remaining uncovered is the maximum risk approach. It therefore represents the
greatest potential benefits (if the dollar weakens versus the Deutschemark), and the greatest potential
cost (if the dollar continues to strengthen versus the Deutschemark). If the exchange rate were to drop to
DM2.2/$ by January 1986, the purchase of the Boeing 737s would be only DM1.1 billion. Of course
if the dollar continued to appreciate, rising to perhaps DM4.0/$ by 1986, the total cost would be
DM2.0 billion. The uncovered position’s risk is therefore shown as that value-line which has the steepest
slope (covers the widest vertical distance) in Exhibit 1. This is obviously a sizeable level of risk for any
firm to carry. Many firms believe the decision to leave a large exposure uncovered for a long period of
time to be nothing other than currency speculation.
2. Full Forward Cover. If Lufthansa were very risk averse and wished to eliminate fully its currency
exposure, it could buy forward contracts for the purchase of U.S. dollars for the entire amount. This
would have locked-in an exchange rate of DM3.2/$, with a known final cost of DM1.6 billion. This
alternative is represented by the horizontal value-line in Exhibit 1; the total cost of the Boeing 737s no
longer has any risk or sensitivity to the ending spot exchange rate. Most firms believe they should accept
or tolerate risk in their line of business, not in the process of payment. The 100% forward cover alternative
is often used by firms as their benchmark, their comparison measure for actual currency costs when
all is said and done.
3. Partial Forward Cover. This alternative would cover only part of the total exposure leaving the
remaining exposure uncovered. Herr Ruhnau’s expectations were for the dollar to fall, so he expected
EXHIBIT 1 Lufthansa’s Net Cost by Hedging Alternative
A06-99-0028 3
Lufthansa would benefit from leaving more of the position uncovered (as in alternative #1 above). This
strategy is somewhat arbitrary, however, in that there are few objective methods available for determining
the proper balance (20/80, 40/60, 50/50, etc.) between covered/uncovered should be. Exhibit 1
illustrates the total ending cost of this alternative for a partial cover of 50/50; $250 million purchased
with forward contracts of DM3.2/$, and the $250 million remaining purchased at the end-of-period
spot rate. Note that this value line’s slope is simply half that of the 100% uncovered position. Any other
partial cover strategy would similarly fall between the unhedged and 100% cover lines.
Two principal points can be made regarding partial forward cover strategies such as this. First,
Herr Ruhnau’s total potential exposure is still unlimited. The possibility that the dollar would appreciate
to astronomical levels still exists, and $250 million could translate into an infinite amount of Deutschemarks.
The second point is that the first point is highly unlikely to occur. Therefore, for the immediate
ranges of potential exchange rates on either side of the current spot rate of DM3.2/$, Herr Ruhnau
has reduced the risk (vertical distance in Exhibit 1) of the final Deutschemark outlay over a range of
ending values and the benchmark value of DM3.2/$.
4. Foreign Currency Options. The foreign currency option is unique among the hedging alternatives
due to its kinked-shape value-line. If Herr Ruhnau had purchased a put option on marks at DM3.2/$,
he could have obtained what many people believe is the best of both worlds. If the dollar had continued
to strengthen above DM3.2/$, the total cost of obtaining $500 million could be locked-in at DM1.6
billion plus the cost of the option premium, as illustrated by the flat portion of the option alternative to
the right of DM3.2/$. If, however, the dollar fell as Herr Ruhnau had expected, Lufthansa would be free
to let the option expire and purchase the dollars at lower cost on the spot market. This alternative is
shown by the falling value-line to the left of DM3.2/$. Note that the put option line falls at the same
rate (same slope) as the uncovered position, but is higher by the cost of purchasing the option.
In this instance Herr Ruhnau would have had to buy put options for DM1.6 billion given an
exercise price of DM3.2/$. In January 1985 when Herr Heinz Ruhnau was mulling over these alternatives,
the option premium on Deutshemark put options was about 6%, equal to DM96,000,000 or
$30,000,000. The total cost of the purchase in the event the put option was exercised would be
DM1,696,000,000 (exercise plus premium).
EXHIBIT 2 What Herr Ruhnau Could See: The Rise
4 A06-99-0028
It is important to understand what Herr Ruhnau would be hoping to happen if he had decided to
purchase the put options. He would be expecting the dollar to weaken (ending up to the left of
DM3.2/$ in Exhibit 1), therefore he would expect the option to expire without value. In the eyes of
many corporate treasurers, DM96,000,000 is a lot of money for the purchase of an instrument which
the hedger expects or hopes not to use!
5. Buy Dollars Now. The fifth alternative is a money-market hedge for an account payable: Obtain the
$500 million now and hold those funds in an interest-bearing account or asset until payment was due.
Although this would eliminate the currency exposure, it required that Lufthansa have all the capital inhand
now. The purchase of the Boeing jets had been made in conjunction with the on-going financing
plans of Lufthansa, and these did not call for the capital to be available until January 1986. An added
concern (and what ultimately eliminated this alternative from consideration) was that Lufthansa had
several relatively strict covenants in place which limited the types, amounts, and currencies of denomination
of the debt it could carry on its balance sheet.
Herr Ruhnau’s Decision
Although Herr Ruhnau truly expected the dollar to weaken over the coming year, he believed remaining
completely uncovered was too risky for Lufthansa. Few would argue this, particularly given the strong
upward trend of the DM/$ exchange rate as seen in Exhibit 2. The dollar had shown a consistent three
year trend of appreciation versus the Deutschemark, and that trend seemed to be accelerating over the
most recent year.
Because he personally felt so strongly that the dollar would weaken, Herr Ruhnau chose to go with
partial cover. He chose to cover 50% of the exposure ($250 million) with forward contracts (the one
year forward rate was DM3.2/$) and to leave the remaining 50% ($250 million) uncovered. Because
foreign currency options were as yet a relatively new tool for exposure management by many firms, and
because of the sheer magnitude of the up-front premium required, the foreign currency option was not
chosen. Time would tell if this was a wise decision.
How It Came Out
Herr Ruhnau was both right and wrong. He was definitely right in his expectations. The dollar appreciated
for one more month, and then weakened over the coming year. In fact, it did not simply weaken, it
plummeted. By January 1986 when payment was due to Boeing, the spot rate had fallen to DM2.3/$
from the previous year’s DM3.2/$ as shown in Exhibit 3. This was a spot exchange rate movement in
Lufthansa’s favor.
The bad news was that the total Deu
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..

It was February 14, 1986, and Herr Heinz Ruhnau, Chairman of Lufthansa (Germany) was summoned
to meet with Lufthansa’s board. The board’s task was to determine if Herr Ruhnau’s term of office
should be terminated. Herr Ruhnau had already been summoned by Germany’s transportation minister
to explain his supposed speculative management of Lufthansa’s exposure in the purchase of Boeing
aircraft.
In January 1985 Lufthansa, under the chairmanship of Herr Heinz Ruhnau, purchased twenty
737 jets from Boeing (U.S.). The agreed upon price was $500,000,000, payable in U.S. dollars on
delivery of the aircraft in one year, in January 1986. The U.S. dollar had been rising steadily and rapidly
since 1980, and was approximately DM3.2/$ in January 1985.ถ้าเงินดอลลาร์จะยังคงเพิ่มขึ้น ,
ต้นทุนของเจ็ทเครื่องบินลุฟท์ฮันซ่า จะเพิ่มขึ้นอย่างมาก โดยเวลาการชำระเงินเนื่องจาก .
คุณ ruhnau มีมุมมองของเขาเองหรือความคาดหวังเกี่ยวกับทิศทางของอัตราแลกเปลี่ยน เหมือน
คนอื่น ๆในช่วงเวลาที่เขาเชื่อว่าเงินดอลลาร์ได้เพิ่มขึ้นประมาณเท่าที่มันจะไป และก็อาจจะตก
มกราคม 2529 เวลารีดไปรอบ ๆแต่ก็นะ มันไม่ใช่เงินของเขา
เล่นการพนันด้วย เขาละเมิด เขาขายครึ่งแสง ( $ 250000000 ) ในอัตรา dm3.2 / $ ,
เหลือครึ่งที่เหลือ ( $ 250000000 ) เปิดเผย
การประเมินความเสี่ยงและทางเลือก
Lufthansa มีพื้นฐานเดียวกัน คุณ ruhnau ความเสี่ยงทางเลือกที่สามารถใช้ได้ทั้งหมด บริษัท :
1 ยังคงเปิด ,
2 ครอบคลุมแสงทั้งหมดที่มีสัญญาส่งต่อ
3 Cover some proportion of the exposure, leaving the balance uncovered,
4. Cover the exposure with foreign currency options,
5. Obtain U.S. dollars now and hold them until payment is due.
Although the final expense of each alternative could not be known beforehand, each alternative’s
outcome could be simulated over a range of potential ending exchange rates. Exhibit 1 illustrates the
final net cost of the first four alternatives over a range of potential end-of-period spot exchange rates.
2 A06-99-0028
Of course one of the common methods of covering a foreign currency exposure for firms, which
involves no use of financial contracts like forwards or options, is the matching of currency cash flows.
Lufthansa did have inflows of U.S.ดอลลาร์เป็นประจํา เป็นผลจากการซื้อตั๋วสายการบินใน
สหรัฐอเมริกา แม้ว่าคุณ ruhnau คิดว่าสั้น ๆเกี่ยวกับการจับคู่เหล่านี้ค่าเงินสกุลเงินดอลลาร์ไหลเข้าไหลออก
กับโบอิ้ง , ขนาดของเศรษฐกิจอย่างชัดเจน ลุฟท์ฮันซ่า
เพียงแค่ไม่ได้รับอะไรใกล้เคียงกับ $ 500 ล้านปีในรายได้ดอลลาร์ หรือแม้แต่ในช่วงหลายปี
for that matter.
1. Remain Uncovered. Remaining uncovered is the maximum risk approach. It therefore represents the
greatest potential benefits (if the dollar weakens versus the Deutschemark), and the greatest potential
cost (if the dollar continues to strengthen versus the Deutschemark). If the exchange rate were to drop to
DM2.2/$ by January 1986,ซื้อโบอิ้ง 737s จะเป็นเพียง dm1.1 พันล้าน แน่นอนหากดอลลาร์ยังคงชื่นชม
ช่วงบางที dm4.0 / $ โดย 1986 ต้นทุนรวมจะ
dm2.0 พันล้าน ความเสี่ยงการเปิดเผยตำแหน่งของจึงแสดงเป็นค่าที่บรรทัดซึ่งมีความลาดชันสูงชัน
( ครอบคลุมระยะทางแนวตั้งกว้างที่สุด ) ในการจัดแสดง 1 เห็นได้ชัดว่า นี่เป็นระดับที่มีความเสี่ยงสำหรับ
firm to carry. Many firms believe the decision to leave a large exposure uncovered for a long period of
time to be nothing other than currency speculation.
2. Full Forward Cover. If Lufthansa were very risk averse and wished to eliminate fully its currency
exposure, it could buy forward contracts for the purchase of U.S. dollars for the entire amount. This
would have locked-in an exchange rate of DM3.2/$, with a known final cost of DM1.6 billion. This
alternative is represented by the horizontal value-line in Exhibit 1; the total cost of the Boeing 737s no
longer has any risk or sensitivity to the ending spot exchange rate. Most firms believe they should accept
or tolerate risk in their line of business, not in the process of payment.100 % ส่งต่อครอบคลุมทางเลือก
มักจะใช้โดย บริษัท เป็นมาตรฐานของการวัดของพวกเขาเปรียบเทียบราคาแลกเปลี่ยนเงินจริงเมื่อทั้งหมดพูดและทำ
.
3 ปกออกมาบางส่วน ทางเลือกนี้จะครอบคลุมเพียงส่วนหนึ่งของการเปิดรับแสงทั้งหมดออกจากแสงที่เหลือ
เปิด ก็คุณ ruhnau ความคาดหวังสำหรับเงินดอลลาร์ลดลง จึงคาดว่า
EXHIBIT 1 Lufthansa’s Net Cost by Hedging Alternative
A06-99-0028 3
Lufthansa would benefit from leaving more of the position uncovered (as in alternative #1 above). This
strategy is somewhat arbitrary, however, in that there are few objective methods available for determining
the proper balance (20/80, 40/60, 50/50, etc.) between covered/uncovered should be. Exhibit 1
แสดงทั้งหมดสิ้นสุดต้นทุนของทางเลือกนี้ครอบคลุมบางส่วนของ 50 / 50 ; $ 250 ล้านซื้อ
กับไปข้างหน้า สัญญา dm3.2 / $ และ $ 250 ล้านซื้อในตอนท้ายของช่วงคะแนนจุด
หมายเหตุ ค่าเส้นความชันเป็นเพียงครึ่งหนึ่งของ 100 % เปิดตำแหน่ง กลยุทธ์ที่ครอบคลุมใด ๆอื่น ๆบางส่วนจะเหมือนกับตกอยู่ระหว่าง
unhedged และสายครอบคลุม 100%
หลักสองจุดที่สามารถทำเกี่ยวกับบางส่วนออกมาครอบคลุมกลยุทธ์เช่นนี้ แรกของทั้งหมด , คุณ ruhnau
สัมผัสศักยภาพยังไม่จํากัด ความเป็นไปได้ที่เงินดอลลาร์จะขอบคุณ
ระดับดาราศาสตร์ยังคงมีอยู่ และ $ 250 ล้าน สามารถแปลเป็นจำนวนเงินที่ไม่มีที่สิ้นสุดของ deutschemarks .
จุดที่สองคือจุดแรกเป็นอย่างสูงที่ไม่น่าจะเกิดขึ้น ดังนั้นสำหรับทันที
ช่วงศักยภาพของอัตราแลกเปลี่ยนในแต่ละด้านของปัจจุบันจุดอัตรา dm3.2 / $ , คุณ ruhnau
ได้ลดความเสี่ยง ( ระยะทางแนวตั้งในการจัดแสดง 1 ) สุดท้าย deutschemark ค่าใช้จ่ายในช่วงสิ้นสุดของ
ค่านิยมและมาตรฐานค่า dm3.2 / $
4 ตัวเลือกสกุลเงินต่างประเทศ ตัวเลือกสกุลเงินต่างประเทศที่เป็นเอกลักษณ์ของการป้องกันความเสี่ยงทางเลือก
เนื่องจากมูลค่าของ kinked รูปร่างเส้น ถ้าคุณ ruhnau ได้ซื้อออปชั่นในเครื่องหมายที่ dm3.2 / $ ,
เขาจะได้รับสิ่งที่หลายคนเชื่อว่าเป็นสิ่งที่ดีที่สุดของโลกทั้ง ถ้าเงินดอลลาร์มีอย่างต่อเนื่องเพื่อเสริมสร้าง dm3.2 / $
ข้างบน ต้นทุนรวมของการได้รับ $ 500 ล้านบาท จะอยู่ในที่ dm1.6
พันล้านบวกค่าใช้จ่ายของตัวเลือกพิเศษ as illustrated by the flat portion of the option alternative to
the right of DM3.2/$. If, however, the dollar fell as Herr Ruhnau had expected, Lufthansa would be free
to let the option expire and purchase the dollars at lower cost on the spot market. This alternative is
shown by the falling value-line to the left of DM3.2/$. Note that the put option line falls at the same
อัตราเดียวกัน ( ความชัน ) เป็นการเปิดตำแหน่ง แต่จะสูงขึ้น โดยต้นทุนของการซื้อตัวเลือก .
ในอินสแตนซ์แฮร์ ruhnau ต้องซื้อใส่ตัวเลือกสำหรับ dm1.6 พันล้านให้
ออกกำลังกายราคา dm3.2 / $ ในเดือนมกราคมปี 1985 นายไฮนซ์ ruhnau เป็น mulling กว่าทางเลือกเหล่านี้
ตัวเลือกพรีเมี่ยมใน deutshemark ใส่ตัวเลือกได้ประมาณ 6 % เท่ากับ dm96000000 หรือ
$ 30000000 . The total cost of the purchase in the event the put option was exercised would be
DM1,696,000,000 (exercise plus premium).
EXHIBIT 2 What Herr Ruhnau Could See: The Rise
4 A06-99-0028
It is important to understand what Herr Ruhnau would be hoping to happen if he had decided to
purchase the put options. He would be expecting the dollar to weaken (ending up to the left of
DM3.2/$ in Exhibit 1),ดังนั้น เขาจะเลือกที่จะตายโดยปราศจากคุณค่า ในสายตาของหลายองค์กร dm96000000
เหรัญญิก , เป็นเงินจำนวนมากเพื่อซื้อเครื่องดนตรีที่
hedger คาดหวังหรือหวังที่จะไม่ใช้ !
5 ซื้อดอลลาร์ในขณะนี้ ทางเลือกที่ห้าเป็นตลาดเงินกองทุนบัญชีเจ้าหนี้ : ขอรับ
$ 500 ล้านในขณะนี้ และถือกองทุนผู้ในสนใจเรืองบัญชีหรือทรัพย์สินจนกว่าการชำระเงินเนื่องจาก .
ถึงแม้ว่านี้จะกำจัดแสงสกุล จะต้องมีทั้งทุนที่ลุฟท์ฮันซ่า inhand
ตอนนี้ การซื้อเครื่องบินของโบอิ้งได้ร่วมกับผู้สนับสนุนทางการเงิน
แผนการของลุฟท์ฮันซ่า และ เหล่านี้ไม่ได้เรียกเมืองหลวงจะสามารถใช้ได้จนถึงเดือนมกราคม 1986 An added
concern (and what ultimately eliminated this alternative from consideration) was that Lufthansa had
several relatively strict covenants in place which limited the types, amounts, and currencies of denomination
of the debt it could carry on its balance sheet.
Herr Ruhnau’s Decision
Although Herr Ruhnau truly expected the dollar to weaken over the coming year, he believed remaining
completely uncovered was too risky for Lufthansa. Few would argue this, particularly given the strong
upward trend of the DM/$ exchange rate as seen in Exhibit 2. The dollar had shown a consistent three
year trend of appreciation versus the Deutschemark, and that trend seemed to be accelerating over the
most recent year.
Because he personally felt so strongly that the dollar would weaken, Herr Ruhnau chose to go with
partial cover. He chose to cover 50% of the exposure ($250 million) with forward contracts (the one
year forward rate was DM3.2/$) and to leave the remaining 50% ($250 million) uncovered. Because
foreign currency options were as yet a relatively new tool for exposure management by many firms, and
because of the sheer magnitude of the up-front premium required, the foreign currency option was not
chosen. Time would tell if this was a wise decision.
How It Came Out
Herr Ruhnau was both right and wrong. He was definitely right in his expectations. The dollar appreciated
for one more month, and then weakened over the coming year. In fact, it did not simply weaken, it
plummeted. By January 1986 when payment was due to Boeing, the spot rate had fallen to DM2.3/$
from the previous year’s DM3.2/$ as shown in Exhibit 3. This was a spot exchange rate movement in
Lufthansa’s favor.
The bad news was that the total Deu
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