For example, 254 caregivers and 76 older adults with dementia were surveyed, and it was found that older adults with Alzheimer's disease were 4.8 times as likely to experience elder abuse as those without.[48] Another study assessed 2,005 samples of reported APS cases and found that cognitive impairment was significantly associated with elder self-neglect.[49] The wide variations of odds ratios and confidence intervals in Figure 1 represent the diversity of the studies with respect to population, sample size, settings, definitions, and categorization of independent and dependent variables.