This study was designed to directly evaluate the effectiveness of a traditional lecture-based curriculum versus a modified flipped classroom curriculum of cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal physiology delivered to first-year graduate students. Within a comparable group of first-year graduate students, the flipped model appeared to have strong positive effect on overall student performance (Fig. 3). Our findings provide the first direct comparison of traditional versus flipped classroom models in which students were subjected to the same instructors, course material, lectures, and exams.