2.2. Study Participants, Inclusion, and Exclusion CriteriaStudy characteristic procedures of recruitment and the flow chart of the trial were described in more details in an earlier publication [27]. In summary (Figure 4), detailed announcements in local newspapers or on radio stations addressed untrained male subjects 30–50 years old. 121 subjects responded and were assessed for eligibility. Of these, 24 subjects had to be excluded due to the criteria of (a) male, 30–50 years old (n=3), (b) “untrained” (i.e., ≤1 endurance exercise session/week; ≤2 total exercise sessions/week during the last 2 years; ), (c) inflammatory diseases and pathological changes of the heart (n=3), (d) medication/diseases affecting cardiovascular system, muscle, or joints/bone (n=1), (e) <100 Watt at ergometry (n=0), (f) obesity (BMI > 35 kg/m2;n=2 ), and (g) more than 2 weeks of absence during the interventional period (n=3). After detailed presentation of the study protocol, sixteen subjects were unwilling to join the randomization procedure and quit the study. Thus, finally 81 subjects were randomly assigned (computer generated block randomization (–4), stratified for age only) to two subgroups: (a) high intensity (interval) training (HI(I)T) group and (b) waiting-control group/moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) group, respectively, after crossover (Figures 1 and 4).
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