In the formula, O is our observed frequency value and E is our expected frequency value.
Students also need to find the degrees of freedom, which equals the number of categories in our sample minus 1. So if we have 4 different kinds of fruit, that means we have 3 degrees of freedom. Simple enough.
As a side note, statisticians love tables. Not round tables or square tables or three-legged tables. We mean tables of values. Never-ending columns and rows of numbers upon numbers. Whatever floats their boat, right?
Students don't have to like these tables, but they should know how to use them. By that we mean compare our χ2 value to the number corresponding the degrees of freedom and significance level p = 0.05 on the table. If χ2 is larger, then our data doesn't quite match the model. If χ2 is less than the critical value (the one given by the table), the model works well enough.
In the formula, O is our observed frequency value and E is our expected frequency value.Students also need to find the degrees of freedom, which equals the number of categories in our sample minus 1. So if we have 4 different kinds of fruit, that means we have 3 degrees of freedom. Simple enough.As a side note, statisticians love tables. Not round tables or square tables or three-legged tables. We mean tables of values. Never-ending columns and rows of numbers upon numbers. Whatever floats their boat, right?Students don't have to like these tables, but they should know how to use them. By that we mean compare our χ2 value to the number corresponding the degrees of freedom and significance level p = 0.05 on the table. If χ2 is larger, then our data doesn't quite match the model. If χ2 is less than the critical value (the one given by the table), the model works well enough.
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