Specific language impairment (SLI) refers to a
heterogeneous group of difficulties with language
ability, and is diagnosed when a delay in language
development is present without an apparent cause. It is
unclear whether this represents a delay of normal
language development, or results from a specific disturbance
or disturbances. The usual prevalence of SLI is
between 3 and 7% (Norbury & Paul 2013). Children
with SLI fail to develop speech and language in accordance
with their chronological age, and the impairments
cannot be explained by delayed intellectual development,
a physically abnormal speech apparatus, brain
injury, or hearing loss (Bishop & Norbury 2008). SLI
encompasses problems with listening, speech, understanding,
and fluency, which contribute to the quality of
communication. Children with SLI have a discrepancy
between verbal and nonverbal development; verbal
development lags behind nonverbal development, which
is generally intact. The consequences range from
problems with speech production, including complex
problems in expressive speech (e.g., grammar), to
problems with speech comprehension. Diminished
speech comprehension is associated with poor auditory
perception and poor working memory (Batshaw 2002).
Problems with speech comprehension are the most
common symptoms present in SLI, and are therefore
critical for establishing diagnosis (Botting 2005).
Presently, the cause of SLI cannot be stated with
certainty. The etiology is complex and consists of interconnected
biological, including genetic influences, and
environmental factors (Vargha-Khadem et al. 2005).
Smith & Tyler (2009) contend that without emotional
stimuli, children will lack adequate motivation for
communication and speech, and consequently the rate of
speech and language acquisition may be reduced. Emotional
interaction with parents and caregivers, which
motivates learning speech and language, is therefore
necessary for early speech and language development.
During early speech development, parents should
encourage interaction with their children through the
use of affective speech – so-called "maternal speech".
Research demonstrates that children with SLI have
other developmental problems as well. Beitchman et al.
(1996) found that preschoolers with receptive and
severe spoken language difficulties have more problems
with behavior than their peers, and that school-age
children have difficulties with social competence. This
has been confirmed in longitudinal studies following
Specific language impairment (SLI) refers to aheterogeneous group of difficulties with languageability, and is diagnosed when a delay in languagedevelopment is present without an apparent cause. It isunclear whether this represents a delay of normallanguage development, or results from a specific disturbanceor disturbances. The usual prevalence of SLI isbetween 3 and 7% (Norbury & Paul 2013). Childrenwith SLI fail to develop speech and language in accordancewith their chronological age, and the impairmentscannot be explained by delayed intellectual development,a physically abnormal speech apparatus, braininjury, or hearing loss (Bishop & Norbury 2008). SLIencompasses problems with listening, speech, understanding,and fluency, which contribute to the quality ofcommunication. Children with SLI have a discrepancybetween verbal and nonverbal development; verbaldevelopment lags behind nonverbal development, whichis generally intact. The consequences range fromproblems with speech production, including complexproblems in expressive speech (e.g., grammar), toproblems with speech comprehension. Diminishedspeech comprehension is associated with poor auditoryperception and poor working memory (Batshaw 2002).Problems with speech comprehension are the mostcommon symptoms present in SLI, and are thereforecritical for establishing diagnosis (Botting 2005).Presently, the cause of SLI cannot be stated withcertainty. The etiology is complex and consists of interconnectedbiological, including genetic influences, andenvironmental factors (Vargha-Khadem et al. 2005).Smith & Tyler (2009) contend that without emotionalstimuli, children will lack adequate motivation forcommunication and speech, and consequently the rate ofspeech and language acquisition may be reduced. Emotionalinteraction with parents and caregivers, whichmotivates learning speech and language, is thereforenecessary for early speech and language development.During early speech development, parents shouldencourage interaction with their children through theuse of affective speech – so-called "maternal speech".Research demonstrates that children with SLI haveother developmental problems as well. Beitchman et al.(1996) found that preschoolers with receptive andsevere spoken language difficulties have more problemswith behavior than their peers, and that school-agechildren have difficulties with social competence. Thishas been confirmed in longitudinal studies following
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