The development of programmed learning in Britain can also be seen in the establishment of various centres specifically designated to look into its application in schools, universities and industry. The National Centre for Programmed Learning at the University of Birmingham was established in 1965 at the invitation of the Socretary of State for Educa- tion and Science. This centre collected information from all over the country and also offered training courses in programmed learning. It wa mainly concerned with primary and secondary education. The Audio Visual Aids and Programmed Learning Unit at the University of Liver- pool is more concerned with the application of educational technology o higher education, including adult education, with special emphasis on programmed learning. The applications of programmed learning to train- ing in industry are being studied by the National Industrial Programmed Instruction Centre at the University of Sheffield. These centres e provide information where necessary and to help those interested in using programmed learning in their own spheres of education.