There were also some study findings that differed
with the findings of this study (Lepage 2001;
Miluk‑Kolasa 1996). Miluk‑Kolasa (1996) evaluated
the physiological effect of music played to 100
patients undergoing surgery measuring vital signs,
cardiac output and skin temperature. Patients were
randomly assigned to two groups. Anxiety in both
groups increased once they recived information
about their surgery although there was no significant
difference in physiological measures. Lepage (2001)
randomly assigned patients to two groups in a
preoperative waiting area and using a self‑rated
questionnaire found no difference in anxiety levels
in either group although the experimental group
required less midazolam to achieve a similar level
of relaxation to the control group.