Design and administration of the data collection instrument
A questionnaire was designed to collect basic management data, including the number of animals on the farm or in the village, disease-prevention programs, production levels, major animal-health problems, and animal-services requirements as an indicator of level of management which may reflect the level of parasitic infection. The questionnaire was designed both in English and Thai, pre-tested, and administered in person by one of the authors (PP). In addition to the management questionnaire, age, sex, and body-condition scores (BCS) were collected from all animals included in the study. Body-condition score was evaluated using a standard 1–5 scale for dairy cattle