They are left to be burned in the field or considered as waste material while
most of the remaining 40% is collected for mushroom production,
livestock fodder production, or for use as mulching material. In the
MD, about 90% of the paddy is harvested by combine harvesters
(Nguyen et al., 2013) and the rice straw left spread out in the wet
field becomes a main constraint in the their efficient collection