PERMANOVA analysis revealed a significant difference between Restored and Self-recovered Areas for tree variables (F1,18 = 17.88; p < 0.001). After five years of restoration, the Restored Area had higher mature tree densities ( Fig. 2A) but lower young tree density ( Fig. 2B) than the Self-recovered Area, despite not significant differences in average dbh ( Fig. 2C). Additionally, mean tree height ( Fig. 2D) and total tree biomass ( Fig. 2E and F) were higher in the Restored Area.