Wet chemical means have been widely employed to alter the
surface chemistry of PVC because oftheir methodological flexibility
and low cost [40,41]. However, their use typically carries additional
risks to the living environment because they often require
the use of hazardous chemicals as solvents, catalysts, etc. It has
been generally observed that the surface selectivity and overall
degree of modification of such methods depend essentially on the
solvent quality, reaction time, and temperature [40,41]. The use
of surfactants such as tannic acid, lignosulfonates, and methylcellulose
was also proven to be effective in selectively changing the
hydrophobicity of plastics [42–45]. However, plastic surface modi-
fication using such chemical reagents is relatively time-intensive
and requires additional facilities and chemicals to treat the
wastewater.