The filtration processwas carried out through a Buchner funnel connected
to a primary pump. The flowratewas tuned thanks to a vacuum
manual valve. The seeding speed has been set around 1 ml/min. In the
first step, 20 ml of a solution of PDDAC 1% is directly filtered on the commercial
fiberglass ‘as received’. Then, the filter is rinsed with UPW and
30 ml of a 0.005% (w/w) solution of NDs with a 30 nm mean diameter
is filtered. In the end, the filter is rinsed with UPWand dried.