Almost all social scientists have argued
about the participation process as a social transformation mechanism, where the power of the
implementing agency is transformed by civil society. They further argued that people’s
participation is effective when people’s empowerment reaches a position that enables
cooperative and collective actions to be performed with the implementing agency, resulting in
enhanced influence over decision-making, monitoring and evaluation processes (Brett 2003;
Cooper, Bryer & Meek 2006).