N was applied in three
splits: 50% as basal, 30% at mid-tillering and 20% at panicle
initiation. P was applied as basal. K was split equally at basal and
panicle initiation. In CT plots, the basal fertilizers were broadcast
after the
first harrowing and incorporated with the second
harrowing. In NT plots, the basal fertilizers were broadcast on
the soil surface with no incorporation. The strategy for water
management was in the sequence of
flooding (about 1.5 cm for
seedling throwing; about 3 cm for transplanting), midseason
drainage (a period of 10 days just before panicle initiation),
reflooding (about 3 cm) and moist intermittent irrigation (grain
filling period). Weeds were controlled by herbicides. Paraquat was
applied at 7 days before planting for NT plots and bensulfuron-
methyl and butachlor were applied at 5 days after planting for both
NT and CT plots. Insects and diseases were intensively controlled
using chemicals.