Branson et al. (1977) is among the first to empirically
test the model of this approach, followed by its sister paper in 1979 The idea of
portfolio balance has emerged as early as in the late 1960s, with McKinnon (1969)
being representative. He draws an interesting parallel between (a) government
budget deficits and open market operations and (b) trade surpluses and external
payments flows confined to the financial account The former in both (a) and (b)
causes a net increase in the stock of financial assets held by private sector investors; and the latter in both (a) and (b) is a trade-off between one type of financial
asset and the other, such as exchanging bonds for money