The conversion of grape juice to wine is a biotechnological tradition dating back to the dawn of civilization. Throughout the ages numerous winemaking strategieswere developed resulting in the range of wine products, from champagne to port,available today. However, since the time of Pasteur (1873) the microbial contributionto the production of wine has become a subject of research and, often, debate. Winecomposition and quality are functions of many different intrinsic and extrinsic variables, many of which are microbiologically mediated. A large diversity of microbesare inherent to winemaking including various yeasts, bacteria and fungi. Prominent
in this process are Saccharomyces species (predominantly S. cerevisiae), which dominate the alcoholic fermentation, and the lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which carry out the malolactic conversion. Efforts to determine the population size and potentialimpact of different microbes on the winemaking process are critical to production of a flavorful product. Spoilage is considered growth of organisms that are unwanted at any particular place and time in the winemaking process (Sponholz1993). Thus the same microorganism can be both beneficial and detrimental to the winemaking process. For example, growth of S. cerevisiae is required during the alcoholic fermentation, but growth can be detrimental if it occurs in a finished, and bottled, wine.Interestingly, both academics and winemakers have good reason to be interested in the microbial ecology of the winemaking process. From an academic perspective wine represents an ideal landscape in which to study basic concepts of microbial ecology. Several factors promote this view. First and foremost, wine is a liquid medium that allows samples to be properly mixed prior to analysis, thus ensuring a representative sampling. This contrasts with the situation for those studying microbial growth on solid surfaces (e.g., barrel stave, grape surface or vineyard soil) in which the microbial populations are heterogeneous and spatially distributed across the surfaces. As a consequence, representative sampling of microbes on surfaces becomes a more statistically challenging process than sampling of a liquid medium like must or wine. A second reason why wine is an attractive platform for microbial ecology is the diversity of microbes present which enables one to witness a range of microbial interactions from commensalisms and neutralisms to antagonisms.
The conversion of grape juice to wine is a biotechnological tradition dating back to the dawn of civilization. Throughout the ages numerous winemaking strategieswere developed resulting in the range of wine products, from champagne to port,available today. However, since the time of Pasteur (1873) the microbial contributionto the production of wine has become a subject of research and, often, debate. Winecomposition and quality are functions of many different intrinsic and extrinsic variables, many of which are microbiologically mediated. A large diversity of microbesare inherent to winemaking including various yeasts, bacteria and fungi. Prominentin this process are Saccharomyces species (predominantly S. cerevisiae), which dominate the alcoholic fermentation, and the lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which carry out the malolactic conversion. Efforts to determine the population size and potentialimpact of different microbes on the winemaking process are critical to production of a flavorful product. Spoilage is considered growth of organisms that are unwanted at any particular place and time in the winemaking process (Sponholz1993). Thus the same microorganism can be both beneficial and detrimental to the winemaking process. For example, growth of S. cerevisiae is required during the alcoholic fermentation, but growth can be detrimental if it occurs in a finished, and bottled, wine.Interestingly, both academics and winemakers have good reason to be interested in the microbial ecology of the winemaking process. From an academic perspective wine represents an ideal landscape in which to study basic concepts of microbial ecology. Several factors promote this view. First and foremost, wine is a liquid medium that allows samples to be properly mixed prior to analysis, thus ensuring a representative sampling. This contrasts with the situation for those studying microbial growth on solid surfaces (e.g., barrel stave, grape surface or vineyard soil) in which the microbial populations are heterogeneous and spatially distributed across the surfaces. As a consequence, representative sampling of microbes on surfaces becomes a more statistically challenging process than sampling of a liquid medium like must or wine. A second reason why wine is an attractive platform for microbial ecology is the diversity of microbes present which enables one to witness a range of microbial interactions from commensalisms and neutralisms to antagonisms.
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