In the practical application, the instantaneous output voltages [] T AG BG CG uuu and currents [] T ABC iii can be detected and thus known, now from (19), the inverter’s expected output voltages [] T AF BF CF uuu ′′′
can be calculated, then transferred to αβ0 coordinates, then the reference vectors
_ _ 0_ T ref ref ref ref u u u u αβ ⎡ ⎤= ⎣ ⎦ G can be calculated.