Appeals by celebrities and other similar reference groups are used very effectively by advertisers
to communicate with their markets. Celebrities can be a powerful force in creating interest or
actions with regard to purchasing or using selected goods and services. This identification may
be based on admiration (of an athlete), aspiration (of a celebrity or a way of life), empathy (with
a person or a situation), or on recognition (of a person – real or stereotypical – or of a situation).
In some cases, the prospective consumer may think, ‘If she uses it, it must be good. If I use it, I’ll
be like her.’ In other cases, the prospective consumer says to himself, ‘He has the same problems
that I have. What worked for him will work for me.’
Five major types of reference group appeals in common marketing usage are celebrity, expert,
common man, executive and employee, and trade or ‘spokes-character’. These appeals, as well as
others less frequently employed, are often operationalised in the form of testimonials or endorsements. In the case of the common man, they may be presented as slice-of-life commercials.
Appeals by celebrities and other similar reference groups are used very effectively by advertisers
to communicate with their markets. Celebrities can be a powerful force in creating interest or
actions with regard to purchasing or using selected goods and services. This identification may
be based on admiration (of an athlete), aspiration (of a celebrity or a way of life), empathy (with
a person or a situation), or on recognition (of a person – real or stereotypical – or of a situation).
In some cases, the prospective consumer may think, ‘If she uses it, it must be good. If I use it, I’ll
be like her.’ In other cases, the prospective consumer says to himself, ‘He has the same problems
that I have. What worked for him will work for me.’
Five major types of reference group appeals in common marketing usage are celebrity, expert,
common man, executive and employee, and trade or ‘spokes-character’. These appeals, as well as
others less frequently employed, are often operationalised in the form of testimonials or endorsements. In the case of the common man, they may be presented as slice-of-life commercials.
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