The model was developed by Anne MacRae in 1991 as a framework
for examining the phenomenon of hallucinations.16 In the model,
various types of dysfunctions are correlated with specific
manifestations of hallucinations. For example, when the dominant
feature of hallucinations is the content, i.e. what the voices are
saying, typically there is evidence of poor self-esteem, such as
frequent self-depreciating remarks, poor posture, lack of social
interaction, and poor motivation.