แปลภาษาอังกฤษเป็นไทย ออนไลน์ แปลภาษา แปลข้อความ แปลบทความ แปลเอกสาร แปลประโยคอังกฤษเป็นไทยทั้งประโยค แปลเอกสารภาษาอังกฤษเป็นภาษาไทยทั้งประโยค แปลประโยคอังกฤษเป็นไทย แปลอังกฤษ แปลไทย ฟรี [Translate] English to Thai Translation Translate Translator , ภาษาอังกฤษ มีใช้ในประเทศออสเตรเลีย แคนาดา ไอร์แลนด์ นิวซีแลนด์ สหราชอาณาจักร สหรัฐอเมริกา ไลบีเรีย เบลีซ แอฟริกาใต้ อินเดีย
reinforcing. But they are not synonymous.
While vulnerability is generally an important
aspect of being poor, being rich is not the same
as not being vulnerable. Both poverty and
vulnerability are dynamic. The rich may not be
vulnerable all the time or throughout their lives
just as some of the poor may not remain poor
all the time.
But the poor are inherently vulnerable
because they lack sufficient core capabilities
to exercise their full agency. They suffer from
many deprivations. They not only lack adequate
material assets, they tend to have poor
education and health and to suffer deficiencies
in other areas. Equally, their access to justice
systems may be constrained.13 They tend to be
intrinsically vulnerable.
The poor already fall below the critical poverty
threshold. If people are vulnerable when they
face a high risk of falling below the threshold,
the poor—already below it—are all vulnerable.
This is true by definition, but it is more than a
question of definition alone. Anyone lacking
the essentials for a minimally acceptable life is
truly vulnerable.
More than 2.2 billion people are vulnerable
to multidimensional poverty, including almost
1.5 billion who are multidimensionally
poor.14 Three-quarters of the world’s poor
live in rural areas, where agricultural workers
suffer the highest incidence of poverty, caught
in a cauldron of low productivity, seasonal
unemployment and low wages.15 Globally,
1.2 billion people (22 percent) live on less than
$1.25 a day. Increasing the income poverty
line to $2.50 a day raises the global income
poverty rate to about 50 percent, or 2.7 billion
people.16 Moving the poverty line in this way
draws in a large number of people who are
potentially vulnerable to poverty and reduced
circumstances. In South Asia 44.4 percent of
the population, around 730 million people,
live on $1.25−$2.50 a day.17 Many who recently
joined the middle class could easily fall
back into poverty with a sudden change in
circumstances.
Worldwide the proportion of the income
poor and the multidimensionally poor has
been declining, but this does not necessarily
mean that their vulnerability has been reduced
(chapter 3). Sizeable portions of the population
are close to the poverty threshold (the
“near poor”), and such a clustering implies
that idiosyncratic or generalized shocks could
easily push a large number of people back into
poverty.
But vulnerability extends further. Ill health,
job losses, limited access to material resources,
economic downturns and unstable climate all
add to people’s vulnerability and economic
insecurity, especially when risk mitigation
arrangements are not well established and
social protection measures and health systems
are not sufficiently robust or comprehensive.