a of teratology, proposed a set of seven criteria for proof of human teratogenicity that criteria incorporated approaches. These by were an amalgamation of criteria developed other teratologists and guided by methods that were used to identify previous teratogens. These criteria have been used to guide discussions about causation in teratology-related litigation and to assess other potential teratogens. We used Shepard's criteria as a framework to evaluate whether the currently available evidence sup ports the hypothesis that prenatal Zika virus infection is a cause of microcephaly and other brain anomalies