The Bush administration’s first domestic initiative, the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) called No Child Left Behind, took the idea of scientifically based practice to an even higher level. No Child Left Behind (U.S. Congress, 2001) mentions “scientifically based research” 110 times. It defines “scientifically based research” as “rigorous, systematic and objective procedures to obtain valid knowledge,” which includes research that “is evaluated using experimental or quasiexperimental designs,” preferably with random assignment. Scientifically based research is intended to serve as the basis for Title I programs, Reading First programs for reading in grades K–3, Early Reading First programs for pre-kindergarten, CSR, and many other components. Funding for ESEA overall was increased by 18%, the largest increase ever.