Table 2 displays the results of a series of 4 progressively more complex multivariate
regression models predicting child externalizing behavior problems
at age 9. In Model 1, high-frequency
maternal spanking ($2 times a week)
at age 3 and 5 and less frequent maternal
spanking (,2 times a week) at
age 5 were associated with significantly
higher levels of externalizing behavior
at age 9 (as compared with the reference
category of no spanking). Paternal
spanking of any frequency at age 3 and 5
and maternal low-frequency spanking
at age 3 were not significantly associated
with externalizing at age 9.