• Omnidirectional – radiation response is constant in one of the principal planes of theantenna.• Isotropic – antenna radiates equally in all directions in 3D space; theoretically impossibleto realize, but a useful reference for quantifying how directive real antennas are.• Broadside – main beam is normal to the plane or axis containing the antenna. An examplefor an antenna oriented along the z-axis is shown in Figure 6(a).• Endfire – main beam is in the plane or parallel to the axis containing the antenna. Anexample for an antenna oriented along the z-axis is shown in Figure 6(c).